Tuning Fork Physics
Rossing, Thomas & Russell, Daniel & Brown, David. (1992). On the acoustics of tuning forks. American Journal of Physics. 60. 620-626. 10.1119/1.17116.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259017541_On_the_acoustics_of_tuning_forks
Tuning Fork Physics -- Part 1: sound waveform and spectral analysis
Tuning Fork Physics -- Part 2: modal analysis using FEA
Tuning Fork Physics -- Part 3: vibrations in super slow motion
Tuning Fork Physics -- Part 4: constrained and unconstrained vibrations
Predicting the tone of a tuning fork
https://sites.google.com/site/lucidanalysis/examples/tuningfork
Ultrasound Physics
ISBN 9780128015308, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801530-8.00005-0.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128015308000050
RAMIREZ, ALEJANDRO; SCHWANE, JAMES A.; McFARLAND, CAROL; STARCHER, BARRY The effect of ultrasound on collagen synthesis and fibroblast proliferation in vitro, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: March 1997 -- Volume 29 -- Issue 3 -- p 326-332
JACKSON, B. A., J. A. SCHWANE, and B. C STARCHER. Effect of ultrasound therapy on the repair of Achilles tendon injuries in rats. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 171–176, 1991.
RUBIN D. Ultrasonic therapy: physiological basis and clinical application. California Medicine. 1958 Nov;89(5):349-351.
Bierman, W. Ultrasound in the treatment of scars. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 35: 209, 1954
Webster DF, Harvey W, Dyson M, Pond JB. The role of ultrasound-induced cavitation in the ‘in vitro’ stimulation of collagen synthesis in human fibroblasts. Ultrasonics. 1980 Jan;18(1):33-7. doi: 10.1016/0041-624x(80)90050-5. PMID: 7350723.
Kodama, Tetsuya & Tomita, Yukio & Watanabe, Yukiko & Koshiyama, Kenichiro & Yano, Takeru & Fujikawa, Shigeo. (2009). Cavitation Bubbles Mediated Molecular Delivery During Sonoporation. Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering. 4. 10.1299/jbse.4.124.
Koshiyama, Kenichiro & Kodama, Tetsuya & Yano, Takeru & Fujikawa, Shigeo. (2006). Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Water Pore Formation in Lipid Bilayer Induced by Shock Waves. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 120. 583-587. 10.1063/1.2205541.
Vedadi, Mohammad & Choubey, Amit & Nomura, Ken-ichi & Kalia, R & Nakano, Aiichiro & Vashishta, P & van Duin, Adri. (2010). Structure and Dynamics of Shock-Induced Nanobubble Collapse in Water. Physical review letters. 105. 014503. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.014503.
Brujan, Emil & Vogel, Alfred & Blake, J.. (2002). The final stage of the collapse of a cavitation bubble close to a rigid boundary. Physics of Fluids. 14. 10.1063/1.1421102.
Interstitial Fluid and Lymphatic Drainage
Hopen S (August 27, 2022) Intrafasciomembranal Fluid Pressure: A Novel Approach to the Etiology of Myalgias. Cureus 14(8): e28475. doi:10.7759/cureus.28475 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28475
Cenaj, O., Allison, D.H.R., Imam, R. et al. Evidence for continuity of interstitial spaces across tissue and organ boundaries in humans. Commun Biol 4, 436 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01962-0
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7073453/
Reed RK, Rubin K. Transcapillary exchange: role and importance of the interstitial fluid pressure and the extracellular matrix. Cardiovasc Res. 2010 Jul 15;87(2):211-7. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvq143. Epub 2010 May 13. PMID: 20472565.
Benias, P.C., Wells, R.G., Sackey-Aboagye, B. et al. Structure and Distribution of an Unrecognized Interstitium in Human Tissues. Sci Rep 8, 4947 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23062-6
Abstract:
“The plasma volume is determined by fluid influx through drinking and outflux by renal excretion. Both fluxes are regulated according to plasma volume and composition through arterial pressure, osmoreceptors and vascular stretch receptors. As to the remaining part of the extracellular volume, the interstitial space, there is no evidence that its volume (IFV), pressure or composition are sensed in such a way as to influence water intake or excretion. Nevertheless, IFV is clearly regulated, often pari passu with the regulation of plasma volume. However, there are many exceptions to parallel changes of the two compartments, indicating the existence of automatic, local mechanisms guarding the net transfer of fluid between plasma and interstitium. Thus, a rise in arterial and/or venous pressure, tending to increase capillary pressure and net filtration, is counteracted by changes in the “Starling forces”: hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures of capillary blood and interstitial fluid. These “oedemapreventing mechanisms” (A. C. Guyton) may be listed as follows: Vascular mechanisms, modifying capillary pressure or interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). Increased transmural vascular pressure elicits precapillary constriction and thereby reduces the rise in capillary pressure. Counteracts formation of leg oedema in orthostasis. Venous expansion transmits pressure to the interstitium in encapsulated organs (brain, bone marrow, rat tail). Mechanisms secondary to increased net filtration, A rise in IFV will increase IFP, and thereby oppose further filtration. Favoured by lowcompliant interstitium. Reduction of interstitial COP through dilution and/or washout of interstitial proteins. A new steady state depends on increased lymph flow. Increased lymph flow permits a rise in net capillary filtration pressure. Low blood flow and high filtration fraction will increase local capillary COP.”
Aukland K. Distribution of body fluids: local mechanisms guarding interstitial fluid volume. Journal de Physiologie. 1984 ;79(6):395-400.
“Keep In mind that not only fibroblasts can produce collagens. Osteoblasts, chondroblasts, odontoblasts and smooth muscle cells can also synthesize collagens. Even epithelial cells can synthesize type IV collagen. You have already seen that the basement membrane contains type IV collagen in the basal lamina and type III collagen in the reticular lamina.” (pg 173)
Chapter 4: Connective Tissue. Cell Biology: Basic Tissues
Kierszenbaum, A. L., & Tres, L. L. (2020). Chapter 4: Connective Tissue. In Histology and cell biology: An introduction to pathology (5th ed., pp. 135-175). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Main sections include:
Arterioles Are the Stopcocks of the Circulation
Capillaries Permit the Exchange of Water, Solutes, and Gases
The Law of Laplace Explains How Capillaries Can Withstand High Intravascular
Pressures
The Endothelium Plays an Active Role in Regulating the Microcirculation
The Endothelium is at the Center of Flow-Initiated Mechanotransduction
The Endothelium Plays a Passive Role in Transcapillary Exchange
Diffusion Is the Most Important Means of Water and Solute Transfer Across the
Endothelium
Diffusion of Lipid-Insoluble Molecules Is Restricted to the Pores
Lipid-Soluble Molecules Pass Directly Through the Lipid Membranes of the
Endothelium and the Pores
Capillary Filtration Is Regulated by the Hydrostatic and Osmotic Forces Across the
Endothelium
Hydrostatic Forces
Hydrostatic Pressure Is the Principal Force in Capillary Filtration
Osmotic Forces
Balance of Hydrostatic and Osmotic Forces
The Capillary Filtration Coefficient Provides a Method to Estimate the Rate of Fluid
Movement Across the Endothelium
Disturbances in Hydrostatic–Osmotic Balance
Hypoxia-inducing factor(s) and angiogenesis
Pinocytosis Enables Large Molecules to Cross the Endothelium
Pappano, A. J., & Wier, W. G. (2019). Chapt. 8: Microcirculation and Lymphatics. In Cardiovascular physiology (pp. 139-154). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
“progressive interstitial fibrosis” which is recognized as a key indicator of lymphedema, and edema in high protein content where there is a fibrous proliferation (adhesions).
The same book goes on to prove several of our theories about the work we do in the superficial adipose layer just underneath the skin. “In the fraction of patients (30–50%) who go on to develop clinically measurable lymphedema, sustained interstitial fluid stasis and ongoing chronic inflammation lead to extracellular matrix collagen deposition with resultant obliteration of capillary lymphatics and smooth muscle cell proliferation around collecting lymphatics” (pg 523).
“Interstitial fluid accumulates primarily (60–70% of the total excess volume) in the subcutaneous tissues between adipose tissues and around small veins.”
“Progressive fibro-fatty deposition makes lymphedema therapy more resistant to compressive therapies.” and “Lymphedema may therefore simply be a fibrotic disorder with loss of functional parenchyma (i.e. capillary and collecting lymphatics) due to progressive fibrosis” (pg. 524).
Therefore, both free fluid pockets and fascia adhesions together create “compartmentalized fascia” or more specifically pressurized fluids compartmentalized within a boundary of fascia fibers. Normally within the adipose layers there is little pressure increase when more fluid is released by the arterial capillaries. The proteoglycan gel and fascia will respond to spread the new fluid volume across the gel-filled space. When something happens to that same space that allows the fluid to separate from the gel, we get pockets of free fluid that does create an increase in hydrostatic pressure.
Lymphatic Pathophysiology in Chapter 10 on Fibrosis
Sidawy, A., Perler, B. and Rutherford, R., 2019. Rutherford’s Vascular Surgery And Endovascular Therapy. 9th ed. United States: Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2019].
“Although almost all the fluid in the interstitium normally is entrapped within the tissue gel, occasionally small rivulets of “free” fluid and small free fluid vesicles are also present, which means fluid that is free of the proteoglycan molecules and therefore can flow freely. When a dye is injected into the circulating blood, it often can be seen to flow through the interstitium in the small rivulets, usually coursing along the surfaces of collagen fibers or surfaces of cells.
The amount of “free” fluid present in normal tissues is slight—usually less than 1 percent. Conversely, when the tissues develop edema, these small pockets and rivulets of free fluid expand tremendously until one half or more of the edema fluid becomes freely flowing fluid independent of the proteoglycan filaments.”
The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow Chapter 16, 189-201
Khonsary SA. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology. Surg Neurol Int. 2017;8:275. Published 2017 Nov 9. doi:10.4103/sni.sni_327_17
“The functions of the lymphatic circulation include:
- the prevention and resolution of edema;
- maintenance of interstitial fluid homeostasis,
- immune traffic (the regulated transit of antigen-presenting cells to the lymphoid organs),
- and lipid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
In order to accomplish these various, intricate physiological functions, the lymphatic system relies upon a complex anatomic configuration of vascular conduits that is under exquisite physiological control.
As a vasculature, healthy lymphatics provide a unidirectional, blind-ended conduit of fluid from the tissue interstitium to the central venous circulation. The initial lymphatics, the most afferent components of the lymphatic vasculature, are in direct contiguity with the intercellular matrix, where fluid gains entry into the lymphatic vasculature. The transition from interstitial matrix to lymphatic space is delineated by the presence of an endothelial lining in the latter; once the fluid gains entry into the lymphatic endothelial-lined cavity of the initial lymphatics, it can be termed ‘lymph’. These initial thin-walled lymphatics can be equivalently termed ‘lymphatic capillaries’ and have a caliber of 30–80 μm. Lymphatic capillaries lack a basement membrane and smooth muscle cells (SMC), solely relying on the elastic fibers of the extracellular matrix for initiation of lymph drainage to reach the precollecting and collecting vessels. The specialized LECs have a distinct oak-leaf shape adorned by unique button-like junctions that characterize these the interfaces among cells and comprise the flap-like portals of entry into the lymphatic capillary. Conformational changes based on fluid and pressure dynamics of the extracellular matrix facilitate the opening and closing of these junctions. These large potential openings facilitate the entry of immune cells and larger structures into the lymph. Pericytes are absent from these circulatory conduits. The endothelial cells of the initial lymphatics are attached to the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix through specialized anchoring filaments (Figure 4.1). As a result of absent basement membranes and SMCs, they solely rely on the elastic fibers of the extracellular matrix for entry of fluid into the lymphatic lumen.” (pgs 24-25)
Reference: Anatomy and Vasculature of Lymphatics.pdf
Principles and Practice of Lymphedema Surgery by STANLEY G. ROCKSON
Chapter 4: Anatomy and Structural Physiology of the Lymphatic System
“Fluids are thus forced by tissue pressure into the lumen of lymph capillaries so that we have to do also in this case with a filtration through the capillary walls, true, a filtration in the opposite sense, i.e. one directed from the interstitial space into the capillaries. But these measurements are, to say the least, of a doubtful value. To begin with, it is rather obscure what in point of fact is “forced” into the lymph capillaries by the difference of pressure under normal conditions when there is no free fluid in the connective tissue. In cases, on the other hand, where the skin contained oedema fluid, McMaster found the average fluid pressure to be 0-5 cm lower than the “tissue resistance” which makes it extremely probable that — when free fluid is actually present as it is, for instance, in oedema or in the lumen of lymph capillaries — the method in question will yield lower values so that there seems to exist no difference of pressure between extra- and intracapillary fluids.
The situation is essentially different when free fluid is actually present in the connective tissue. It is known from McMaster’s experiments that the pressure of the interstitial fluid may have a fairly high value and reach even a level of 20 cm water. Differences between tissue pressure and intra-lymph capillary pressure can be quite significant and facilitate a “filtration” of the fluid into the lymphatics. We want, in any case, to make it clear that — in our opinion — a tissue pressure higher than intralymphatic pressure cannot constitute the sole and decisive factor responsible for the absorption through lymphatic capillaries. Zhdanov (1952), for instance, emphasises in his monograph on the lymph vascular system that the physiological and anatomical properties of the lymph capillaries, the fact that their permeability exceeds that of the blood vessels, a direct connection with the ground substance of the connective tissue, the possibility of strong fluctuations of calibre and the physiological activity of the lymph capillary endothelium are surely important factors of the absorption into the lymph capillaries.
It must be admitted, however, that the problem of the passage of fluid, dissolved molecules and corpuscular elements from the blood into the lumen of the lymphatic capillaries is, in many respects, far from being solved.
Langen (1963) felt therefore, that the existing concepts regarding lymph formation failed to explain the observed facts and he was tempted to propose another solution. He surmised the presence of structures exerting a valve-like function and, permitting the extravasation of plasma proteins and even of blood corpuscles in the endothelial cells of blood capillaries. Some kind of a channel formed by the extrusion of the capillary basal membrane would then ensure a direct communication of the capillaries with the junction of the lymphatic vessels; the material which has passed between the two layers of the blood capillary wall is carried along this channel to the lymphatic system. At present no evidence exists to corroborate this interesting theory.” (Chapter 8, pgs 418-419)
“The results discussed in the foregoing paragraphs make it obvious that the permeability of connective tissues, the diffusion of water and dissolved substances, should not be regarded as a merely passive process. Although spreading in the connective tissues betrays a close similarity to phenomena observable in vitro in different colloidal systems, it has been shown that diverse physiological and pharmacological agents may cause profound alterations in the permeability of connective tissues. Such alterations are obviously of enzymatic origin (e.g. hyaluronidase effect) or provoked by a change in the structure of the ground substance. This consideration induced us to study the effect of metabolic and enzyme poisons on permeability.” (pg 404)
Citation Book: Rusznyák, István. Lymphatics and Lymph Circulation. Elsevier Science. Kindle Edition.
“Two mechanisms protecting against edema (i.e., edema safety factors) are evident from Figure 3.2, assuming that interstitial pressure is normally negative: 1) Since interstitial pressure must rise above 2 cmH2O for lymph flow to plateau, large changes in interstitial pressure can be accommodated before edema develops, and 2) An elevated lymph flow will quickly return the interstitial volume back to normal levels, as long as the excess volume does not exceed the capacity of the lymphatic circulation. Thus, a small increase in interstitial volume greatly increases its pressure, promoting lymph flow that acts to restore the interstitial volume to normal.”
Scallan J, Huxley VH, Korthuis RJ. Capillary Fluid Exchange: Regulation, Functions, and Pathology. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences; 2010. Chapter 3, The Lymphatic Vasculature. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53448/
Bradbury MW, Westrop RJ. Factors influencing exit of substances from cerebrospinal fluid into deep cervical lymph of the rabbit. J Physiol. 1983;339:519-534. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014731
Bradbury MW, Cole DF. The role of the lymphatic system in drainage of cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humour. J Physiol. 1980;299:353-365. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013129
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1279229/
, . Relationship between shape of peripheral initial lymphatics and efficiency of mechanical stimulation–induced lymph formation. Microcirculation. 2020; 27:e12606. https://doi.org/10.1111/micc.12606
Sleboda DA, Roberts TJ. Internal fluid pressure influences muscle contractile force. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(3):1772-1778. doi:10.1073/pnas.1914433117
Qiuyun Wang, Shaopeng Pei, X. Lucas Lu, Liyun Wang, Qianhong Wu,
On the characterization of interstitial fluid flow in the skeletal muscle endomysium,
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Volume 102, 2020,
103504, ISSN 1751-6161,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103504
Evertz LQ, Greising SM, Morrow DA, Sieck GC, Kaufman KR. Analysis of fluid movement in skeletal muscle using fluorescent microspheres. Muscle Nerve. 2016;54(3):444-450. doi:10.1002/mus.25063
TRZEWIK, J., MALLIPATTU, S.K., ARTMANN, G.M., DELANO, F.A. and SCHMID-SCHONBEIN, G.W. (2001), Evidence for a second valve system in lymphatics: endothelial microvalves. FASEB J, 15: 1711-1717. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.01-0067com
Stewart RH. A Modern View of the Interstitial Space in Health and Disease. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:609583. Published 2020 Nov 5. doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.609583
Dongaonkar RM, Laine GA, Stewart RH, Quick CM. Balance point characterization of interstitial fluid volume regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;297(1):R6-R16. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00097.2009
Kodama, Tetsuya & Tomita, Y.. (2000). Cavitation bubble behavior and bubble-shock wave interaction near a gelatin surface as a study of vivo bubble dynamics. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics. 70. 139-149. 10.1007/s003400050022.
Brujan, Emil & Vogel, Alfred & Blake, J.. (2002). The final stage of the collapse of a cavitation bubble close to a rigid boundary. Physics of Fluids. 14. 10.1063/1.1421102.
Kodama, Tetsuya & Tomita, Yukio & Watanabe, Yukiko & Koshiyama, Kenichiro & Yano, Takeru & Fujikawa, Shigeo. (2009). Cavitation Bubbles Mediated Molecular Delivery During Sonoporation. Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering. 4. 10.1299/jbse.4.124.
“Ultrasound has emerged as a promising means to effect controlled delivery of therapeutic agents through cell membranes. One possible mechanism that explains the enhanced permeability of lipid bilayers is the fast contraction of cavitation bubbles produced on the membrane surface, thereby generating large impulses, which, in turn, enhance the permeability of the bilayer to small molecules”
Fu, Haohao & Comer, Jeffrey & Cai, Wensheng & Chipot, Chris. (2015). Sonoporation at Small and Large Length Scales: Effect of Cavitation Bubble Collapse on Membranes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 6. 413-418. 10.1021/jz502513w.
Krasovitski, Boris & Frenkel, Victor & Shoham, Shy & Kimmel, Eitan. (2011). Intramembrane cavitation as a unifying mechanism for ultrasound-induced bioeffects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108. 3258-63. 10.1073/pnas.1015771108.
Focal, Local, and Percussion Vibration
Germann D, El Bouse A, Shnier J, Abdelkader N, Kazemi M. Effects of local vibration therapy on various performance parameters: a narrative literature review. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2018 Dec;62(3):170-181. PMID: 30662072; PMCID: PMC6319432.
Konrad A, Glashüttner C, Reiner MM, Bernsteiner D, Tilp M. The Acute Effects of a Percussive Massage Treatment with a Hypervolt Device on Plantar Flexor Muscles’ Range of Motion and Performance. J Sports Sci Med. 2020 Nov 19;19(4):690-694. PMID: 33239942; PMCID: PMC7675623.
Škarabot, J., Mesquita, R.N.O. and Ansdell, P. (2019), Elucidating the neurophysiology of local vibration: changes in neuromodulatory drive rather than presynaptic inhibition?. J Physiol, 597: 5753-5755. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP279018
Souron, R., Baudry, S., Millet, G.Y. and Lapole, T. (2019), Vibration‐induced depression in spinal loop excitability revisited. J Physiol, 597: 5179-5193. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278469
, , (1978), Mechanism of the vibration paradox: excitatory and inhibitory effects of tendon vibration on single soleus muscle motor units in man. The Journal of Physiology, 285 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012567.
https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012567
Roll, J.P., Vedel, J.P. & Ribot, E. Alteration of proprioceptive messages induced by tendon vibration in man: a microneurographic study. Exp Brain Res 76, 213–222 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00253639
Free PDF:
Transducers used in this type of experiment:
Lundeberg TC. Vibratory stimulation for the alleviation of chronic pain. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1983;523:1-51. PMID: 6609524.
Murillo N, Valls-Sole J, Vidal J, Opisso E, Medina J, Kumru H. Focal vibration in neurorehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2014 Apr;50(2):231-42. PMID: 24842220.
Saggini R, Bellomo RG. Integration to focal vibration in neurorehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2015 Aug;51(4):508. Epub 2014 Nov 11. PMID: 25384515.
Rosenkranz, K. and Rothwell, J.C. (2004), The effect of sensory input and attention on the sensorimotor organization of the hand area of the human motor cortex. The Journal of Physiology, 561: 307-320.
https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.069328
https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.069328
, , , , (1976), The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration during isometric contraction.. The Journal of Physiology, 261 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011581.
https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011581
Abstract:
“Recent studies have suggested that vibration therapy may have a positive influence on motor symptoms in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, quantitative evidence of these benefits is scarce, and the concept of “whole-body” vibration in these studies is vague. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the influence of vibration on motor symptoms and functional measures in PD by delivering sound waves to the entire body. We delivered whole body sound wave vibration to 40 individuals with PD using a Physioacoustic Chair, a piece of equipment with speakers spaced throughout the chair permitting a series of programmed low frequency sound waves through the body. Using a parallel cross-over design we utilized the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), quantitative gait assessments, and a grooved pegboard for upper limb control. Improvements were seen in all symptom, motor control and functional outcome measures at the time of assessment. Specifically, a significant decrease in rigidity, and tremor were shown, as well as a significant increase in step length and improved speed on the grooved pegboard task. Results of this initial investigation provide support for vibration therapy as a non-pharmacological treatment alternative. Long-term benefits of vibration therapy will require further research.”
King, Lauren & Ahonen, Heidi. (2009). Short-term effects of vibration therapy on motor impairments in Parkinson’s disease. NeuroRehabilitation. 25. 297-306. 10.3233/NRE-2009-0528
Rossing, Thomas & Russell, Daniel & Brown, David. (1992). On the acoustics of tuning forks. American Journal of Physics. 60. 620-626. 10.1119/1.17116.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259017541_On_the_acoustics_of_tuning_forks
Shomoto K, Takatori K, Morishita S, Nagino K, Yamamoto W, Shimohira T, Shimada T. Effects of ultrasound therapy on calcificated tendinitis of the shoulder. J Jpn Phys Ther Assoc. 2002;5(1):7-11. doi: 10.1298/jjpta.5.7. PMID: 25792924; PMCID: PMC4316484.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316484/
Fascia and Fibroblasts
“In order for the wound-healing process to take place after an injury, the cells require, as previously mentioned, mechanical loading. When the tissue is immobilized after an injury, a disturbance of normal wound healing occurs, at least in the proliferation phase (Fig. 9.2 not shown here).
A further disturbance of wound healing could occur when the cells are not getting enough of the nutrients they need to build the matrix components. This could happen when the circulation in the tissue is not sufficient.”
Liem, Torsten; Tozzi, Paolo; Chila, Anthony. Fascia in the Osteopathic Field (Kindle Locations 2843-2845). Handspring Pub Ltd. Kindle Edition.
“When fasciae are not moved sufficiently for long periods of time, morphologic changes in the tissue, such as fibrosis, can develop. This situation can be compared with the late phase in Dupuytren’s contracture. The first changes occur in the matrix, especially in the ground substance.”
Liem, Torsten; Tozzi, Paolo; Chila, Anthony. Fascia in the Osteopathic Field (Kindle Locations 2910-2912). Handspring Pub Ltd. Kindle Edition.
“The structural organization of the subcutis and the mechanical behavior of the superficial fascia and retinacula cutis in the different regions of the body may also influence the modality of manual treatment of the superficial and deep fascia. It is evident that in areas with loose and thin retinacula cutis, superficial massage to the skin will be unlikely to affect the deep fascia (except for possible indirect effects). To mechanically affect the deep fascia the subcutaneous fatty tissue must be displaced, so it is necessary to use a small-surface localized contact and to point directly into the deeper planes.”
Citation Book: Liem, Torsten; Tozzi, Paolo; Chila, Anthony. Fascia in the Osteopathic Field (Kindle Locations 5002-5005). Handspring Pub Ltd. Kindle Edition.
“There is a particularly fascinating receptor known as an integrin. Integrins are adhesive in nature. They stick each cell to the ECM. What makes integrins unique is that they respond not to chemical stimuli but to mechanical stimuli. They are sensitive to both stretch and vibration. It is as if each cell in the body was plugged into the ECM so that it can also monitor the environment by listening to it.
When the integrin is stimulated, it responds by creating electrochemical changes at the cellular level. The process of creating changes via mechanical pressure and vibration at the cellular level is called mechanotransduction.”
(Pg 12 of 154)
“In the simplest possible terms, the ECM is involved in every process and function of the body. It also serves as the body’s intranet. The EDM makes sure all the cells are in communication with all the other cells, creating a body-wide signaling network (Oschman 2003, Langevin 2006) that transmits mechanical signals such as strain and vibration throughout the entire organism via the fascial web.” (Pg 12 of 154)
“Fascia responds according to mechanical supply and demand, and follows Wolff’s law. Fibroblasts are both spooling out more collagen where necessary and secreting collagenase, a collagen-eating enzyme, all based on signals of pressure and vibration, like a cellular public works department – building, knocking down, and cleaning up the collagen matrix.” (Pg 14 of 154)
“As a quick recap, the key player in mechanotransduction is integrin, which helps bind the cell to the extracellular matrix via the collagen matrix. When stimulated by pressure and vibration, integrin transmits that tension to the nucleus where chemical changes altering gene expressions, and even effecting which genes switch on and switch off, occur.” (Pg 33 of 154)
Book Citation: Lesondak, David. (2018). Fascia: What it is and Why it Matters. Handspring Pub Ltd. Kindle Edition.
Langevin, H.M. and Yandow, J.A. (2002), Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes. Anat. Rec., 269: 257-265. doi:10.1002/ar.10185
Yang C, Du YK, Wu JB, et al. Fascia and Primo Vascular System. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:303769. doi:10.1155/2015/303769
Findley TW. Fascia Research from a Clinician/Scientist’s Perspective. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2011;4(4):1–6. doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v4i4.158
Gusmão CV, Belangero WD. HOW DO BONE CELLS SENSE MECHANICAL LOADING?. Rev Bras Ortop. 2015;44(4):299–305. Published 2015 Dec 8. doi:10.1016/S2255-4971(15)30157-9
Yu Bai, Lin Yuan, Kwang-Sup Soh, Byung-Cheon Lee, Yong Huang, Chun-lei Wang, Jun Wang, Jin-peng Wu, Jing-xing Dai, Janos Palhalmi, Ou Sha, David Tai Wai Yew, Possible Applications for Fascial Anatomy and Fasciaology in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, Vol 3, Issue 2, 2010, Pgs 125-132,
doi.org/10.1016/S2005-2901(10)60023-4.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2005290110600234
Langevin H. M., Bouffard N. A., Fox J. R., et al. Fibroblast cytoskeletal remodeling contributes to connective tissue tension. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2011;226(5):1166–1175. doi: 10.1002/jcp.22442.
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Brain and Body Physiology
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Nervous System
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Neural Synchronization
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Circadian and Peripheral Rhythm
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Vibration, Oscillations, and Entrainment
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Transducers used in this type of experiment:
Prediction Error & Cognitive Processing
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Sensory Motor Processing
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